DoesPennsylvaniaHaveEnhancedDriversLicenseFAQ DRIVERS LICENSE, LEARNERS PERMIT PHOTO IDS Here are some frequently asked questions by motorists about Drivers License, Learners Permit Photo IDs. A facsimile of a Pennsylvania drivers license. In 2005, at the recommendation of the 911 Commission, the REAL ID federal law was passed, ordering states to. The 2013 Arkansas DWI information site. What happens following an Arkansas Drunk Driving arrest including penalties jail, prison, fines, suspensions and Little Rock. Learn the steps to replace a lost or stolen drivers license in Michiganget a replacement in no time. Pennsylvania impairment must impact the individuals ability to safely drive. RealID.JPG?h=630&w=1200&fit=crop&bg=999&crop=faces' alt='Does Pennsylvania Have Enhanced Drivers License' title='Does Pennsylvania Have Enhanced Drivers License' />Objectives for behavioral driver safety programs. By Lawrence P. Lonero and Kathryn M. Clinton. Date Tuesday, 2. December 2. 00. 9. Larry Lonero and Kathryn Clinton are principals. Northport Associates, a consulting company based in Ontario, Canada. Table of Contents Behavior change in health and safety Introduction Changing behavior Attitudes Motivation Models of behavior change. In the United States of America, drivers licenses are issued by each individual state, territories, and the federal district rather than by the federal government. Learning again from health disciplines The public health roots of road safety Health promotion Health promotion models Applying a health promotion program model to driver behavior change. Objectives for behavioral driver safety programs Appropriate outcome measures Intermediate and ultimate objectives. Synergistic linking of behavioral influences Facilitating protective behaviors. A conceptual model for managing driver influence. Legislation, enforcement, education, and reinforcement. Organizational behavior change for managing. Summary Selected bibliography Behavior change in health and safety Introduction In road safety there has been a tension between passive strategies, which. Passive approaches have been emphasized over the. Leichter 1. 99. 1 chronicled the 1. Download Free Template For Kompozer Tutorials there. U. S. and Britain. He quotes. Ralph Nader on the relative merits of vehicle focused and human focused approaches. However, as the potential. Fortunately. research and development in a variety of fields can now provide a selection. Much time and vast resources have been spent worldwide in search of a single. Influencing people to adopt safer, healthier, and environmentally sustainable. This experience shows that. Even the simplest of behaviors is determined by a complex. A clear conceptual. Return to Table of Contents Changing behavior Attitudes. In discussing behavior change the first need is to address the popular belief. The common sense belief seems to be that if only we could change. Howarth 1. 98. 8 has succinctly. It has been frequently demonstrated that attitudes are easier to change than. In contrast it has. A more recent OECD review of road safety attitude change measures came to. OECD, 1. 99. 4. The OECD committee suggest that attitude. Clearly, a much more comprehensive. Motivation Most of drivers safety related behaviors have important knowledge and ability. However, motivational factors are most critical. Motives both energize. They are very important to high and consistent levels. Strong. motives typically compensate for weak abilities better than strong abilities. More effective safety promotion requires a clearer. Two fundamental types of motivations are important. Does Pennsylvania Have Enhanced Drivers License' title='Does Pennsylvania Have Enhanced Drivers License' />First are personal motivators. Internal personal motivators include self control and autonomy, personal values. External personal motivators. Second are social responsibility motivators, in which needs, benefits, and. Responsibility activators. Gellers active caring. The last is an effective concern with safe. Geller, 1. 99. 6. All motivators must be carefully considered and addressed if an intervention. How an intervention is intended. Does Pennsylvania Have Enhanced Drivers License' title='Does Pennsylvania Have Enhanced Drivers License' />Models of Behavior Change Lonero et al. Examples of the first are cognitive models. Social Learning Theory Bandura, 1. Azjen and Fishbeins Theory. Reasoned Action, and its update, the Theory of Planned Behavior see Parker. The behaviorist approach, which limits itself to externally. Applied Behavior. The REAL ID Act establishes minimum security standards for license issuance and production and prohibits Federal agencies from accepting for certain purposes driver. Analysis e. g., Geller, 1. Geller and Ludwig, 1. Does Pennsylvania Have Enhanced Drivers License' title='Does Pennsylvania Have Enhanced Drivers License' />Positioned between behavioral and cognitive models are the risk, utility, decision. They focus on observable behavior and external influences. These models are largely descriptive and not behavior change models. However, in describing functions of probabilities, payoffs, and choices, these. Bjornskau. and Elvik, 1. Rothengatter, 1. 98. Wilde, 1. 98. 5a Wilde and Murdoch, 1. It is not possible to detail even the leading general behavior change models. However, to gain a flavor of their applicability. Nelson and Moffits 1. Theory of Reasoned Action suggests determining individual attitudes to. Health Belief Model suggests stressing consequences of non use, barriers. Fear Arousal suggests being sure users understand that seat belts work. Applied Behavior Analysis suggests using intermittent rewards, incentives. Social Learning Theory suggests assessing outcome expectations, mounting. Diffusion of Innovations suggests promoting opportunities to participate. One major omission from this list is the Social Marketing approach to influencing. Kotler Roberto, 1. This approach is a development of commercial. Lefebvre and Flora. Models such as Social Marketing and Diffusion of Innovations Rogers, 1. The. most comprehensive models come not from general behavior change theory but. Compared to road safety, health promotion. The most comprehensive health promotion models are sufficiently. Return to Table of Contents Learning again from health disciplines The public health roots of road safety Epidemiology and public health had a profound effect on the direction of road. Haddons drivervehicleroadway model is a translation. Road safety focused on road improvements in the 1. In the 1. 98. 0s, vehicle standards rulemaking was much. North America. The main preoccupations became behavioral voluntary. The health. field moved from infrastructure augmentation in the 1. Health promotion The 1. Health promotion. It may now. be past a perhaps cyclical peak of enthusiasm for behavioral solutions and. Indeed, focus on behavior has been criticized as blaming the victim e. Baker, 1. 98. 1 NCIPC, 1. Gielen, 1. 99. 2 Robertson, 1. Jonahs 1. 99. 0 introduction to a special issue of Health Education Research. Preventing road accident casualties Integrating two solitudes. Jonah. A possible exception is the. Canadian province of Quebec, which has had an active involvement of community. Jonah proposed that the disparate fields. Jonah indicated that while education is a necessary. Both health promotion and driver safety have seen some widespread improvements. Examples are moderate smoking reduction. For both however, individual behavior change. Unlike road safety, health promotion has strong, centralized. The stakes in road safety are high, but they are little known at. Health promotion policies typically recognize. Models and theories now abound to explain why and how to influence specific. In contrast. with driver safety, health promotion is, by definition, a combination of influences. The consensus of experts is that behavior change is most likely in comprehensive. This implies two conceptually simple but organizationally difficult factors. While the health promotion field is relatively young, its literature is extensive. AIDS, diet and. nutrition, fitness and active living, injury prevention, maternalnewborn care. Health promotion models Lonero et al. Socio psychological e. Health Belief Model, Janz and Becker, 1. Protection Motivation Theory, Rogers, 1. Ecological e. g., Ecological Model for Health Promotion, Mc. Leroy et al. 1. 98. Social Ecology of Health Promotion, Stokols, 1. Socioenvironmental. Approach, Labonte, 1. Program oriented e. PRECEDEPROCEED, Green and Kreuter, 1. MATCH. Simons Morton et al., 1. Communication e. Communications Persuasion Matrix, Mc. Guire, 1. 98. 4 Communication Behavior. Change Approach, Solomon and Maccoby, 1. Hyndman et al., 1. Second generation e. Leventhal and Cameron, 1. Siegrist, 1. 98. 8 Godin. Shephard, 1. 99. 0 Integrative e. Transtheoretical Model of Change, Prochaska et al. Theory of Health Related Behavior Change, University of Edinburgh. Social Problem Solving Model, Ewart, 1. Model of Positive. Health, Seeman, 1.